feat(ci-docker): add Linux Dockerfile for CI environment

- Creates an image based on Ubuntu 24.04
- Installs essential tools to run CI (clang, git, build-essential, Python3, Bazelisk)
- Installs python packages from pinned requirements.txt
- Tested locally for all CI stages

Signed-off-by: Deeptanshu Sekhri <deeptanshu.sekhri@arm.com>