erofs: add 48-bit block addressing on-disk support

The current 32-bit block addressing limits EROFS to a 16TiB maximum
volume size with 4KiB blocks.  However, several new use cases now
require larger capacity support:
 - Massive datasets for model training in order to boost random
   sampling performance for each epoch;

 - Object storage clients using EROFS direct passthrough.

This extends core on-disk structures to support 48-bit block addressing,
such as inodes, device slots, and inode chunks.

Additionally:
 - Expand superblock root NID to 8-byte `rootnid_8b` to enable full
   out-of-place update incremental builds;

 - Introduce `epoch` field in the superblock as well as add `mtime`
   field to 32-byte compact inodes for basic timestamp support.

Signed-off-by: Gao Xiang <hsiangkao@linux.alibaba.com>
Acked-by: Chao Yu <chao@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250310095459.2620647-4-hsiangkao@linux.alibaba.com